Autocratic And Democratic Leadership Style - 883 Words

As a company’s equipment reaches the end of its life cycle projects start to get organized to replace outdated equipment. As these projects are formed project managers are selected to manage all the complexities involved in replacing equipment. In some cases, managers or project managers are selected to manage turn around maintenance projects without taking into consideration any set of requirements (Obiajunwa, 2013). This means project managers may not have the right leadership style or set of skills to effectively manage and complete projects on time. Northhouse (2007) explained three leadership styles authoritarian, democratic and laissez-fair and their influences in his book Introduction to Leadership. Of those three I chose authoritarian and democratic for my research question. Is the authoritarian or democratic leadership style more effective for completing large-scale maintenance projects on time? The success of a project is ultimately the responsibility of the project manager and how well they can lead and organize their team. Leadership involves influencing people to achieve a common goal or shared objectives (Northhouse, 2007). Assigning the correct leadership style to a project may have a direct impact on a project success. Authoritarian, democratic, transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire are some of the leadership styles a project manager may have. Some of these may be more effective than others at completing projects on time. Morgan (2012) usedShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Autocratic and Democratic Leadership Styles910 Words   |  4 PagesAutocratic leadership is a classical leadership style with the following characteristics: manager seeks to make as many decisions as possible, manager seeks to have the most authority and control in decision making, manager seeks to retain responsibility rather than utilise complete delegation , consultation with other colleagues in minimal and decision making becomes a solitary process managers are less concerned with investing their own leadership development, and prefer to simply work on the taskRead MoreThe Leadership Style Of Laissez Faire, Democratic, And Autocratic Leadership1367 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Leadership is a quality that every nurse can possess. Though, it takes the qualities of vision, passion, integrity, and empowerment to make an excellent nurse leader (Kelly Tazbir, 2014). Anyone can be a leader (Stonehouse, 2011). If you tell that statement to a brand new nurse, she will likely tell you she will not be a leader because she is unsure of her skills. It is important to recognize this and know that leadership evolves with education. The styles of laissez faire, democratic, andRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Different Leadership Styles Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent leadership styles in different Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans and motivating people. Leadership is important to a company’s productivity. The methods and manner that a manger uses to encourage employees towards the achievement of the companies objective is mean by leadership style. There are basically four types of leadership styles 1. Autocratic leadership style Figure 1 (Autocratic-leadership) Autocratic leadership style is a formRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Autocratic Leadership Style Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most effective leadership style, which can bring the best profit and suit all organizations, in the world. Same to autocratic leadership and democratic leadership styles, they have contrastive characteristics and respective benefits and drawbacks so that they will do positive effects only be utilized right way in suitable condition. When strong control is needed, the autocratic leadership style can be used in this situation where there is no space for error. And autocratic leaders can preventRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1288 Words   |  6 Pagesthorough research work in how they define leadership and leadership behavior. Leadership students and researchers have described many different types of leadership styles. The democratic and autocratic leadership styles are just two of the most prominent leadership styles that have been identified in leadership literatures. In 1939, a group of researchers led by psychologist Kurt Lewin decided to identify the different types of leadership styles that exist in the modern world. This earlyRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Two Leadership Styles1262 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership can be defined as the ability to lead a group of people successfully in an organization. Hall, et al (2008) have mentioned that an effective leader has to be visionary, motivating and responsible in order to successfully run a business organization. In business the two key leadership styles, which are widely used in today’s corporate world are autocratic leadership and democratic leadership (Johnson, n.d.). Autocratic leadership may be explained as â€Å"a leadership style where the managerRead MoreDemocratic Leadership Is Better And More Suitable Approach1575 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals and have chances to channel their creative ideas. Autocratic leadership with its dominant and authoritative style is m ore likely to cause counterproductive work behavior in millennials. Democratic leadership, which Millennials could participate more in the work discussion, is more effective to mentor, empower and develop these millennials workers. Therefore, to utilize maximum potentials of millennials, democratic leadership is better and more suitable approach. There are three main populationsRead MoreCompare Democratic and Autocratic Leadership1302 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership, a crucial element in business, can be defined as â€Å"a process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement† (Yukl, 2013, p.76). There are four main types of leadership styles: the autocratic, democratic, paternalistic and laissez-faire leadership styles. Daft (2008, p.44) suggests that â€Å"the extent to which leaders should be boss-centered or subordinate-centered partly depends on organizational circumstances.† After taking into account the organizational circumstancesRead MoreDemocratic vs. Autocratic993 Words   |  4 Pagesatic aDemocratic: 1. Democratic countries are safe to live in. The military protects the citizens and works to keep the country a safe environment. This picture represents democratic leadership because it shows a military sergeant coming back from war for his country, as well as he’s being a role model to the kids. This is very different compared to what you would see from an autocratic military sergeant. 2. Stephen Harper is the prime minister of Canada; a democratic country. He is the leaderRead MorePrinciple of Management1397 Words   |  6 Pagestoday should use the democratic style of leadership rather than automatic style.† Before I start this title, I decide to determine both of the style. Democratic Style Democratic style is a platform to create a team to participate in the decision-making process. When an enterprise is making decision, they usually use democratic style in many parts of the business. Therefore, everyone has the opportunity to dedicate ideas to the decision. There are two types of democratic decision-making:

On Rhetoric, or the Art of Eloquence, by Francis Bacon

Father of the scientific method and the first major English essayist, Francis Bacon published Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Human in 1605. This philosophical treatise, intended as an introduction to an encyclopedic study that was never completed, is divided into two parts: the first part broadly considers the excellency of learning and knowledge; the second focuses on the particular acts and works . . . which have been embraced and undertaken for the advancement of learning. Chapter 18 of the second part of The Advancement of Learning offers a defense of rhetoric, whose duty and office, he says, is to apply reason to imagination for the better moving of the will. According to Thomas H. Conley, Bacons notion of rhetoric seems novel, but what Bacon has to say about rhetoric . . . is not as novel as it has sometimes been represented, however interesting it might be otherwise (Rhetoric in the European Tradition, 1990). On Rhetoric, or the Art of Eloquence* from The Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon 1 Now we descend to that part which concerneth the illustration of tradition, comprehended in that science which we call rhetoric, or art of eloquence; a science excellent, and excellently well laboured. For although in true value it is inferior to wisdom, as it is said by God to Moses, when he disabled himself for want of this faculty, Aaron shall be thy speaker, and thou shalt be to him as God; yet with people it is the more mighty: for so Salomon saith, Sapiens corde appellabitur prudens, sed dulcis eloquio major a reperiet1; signifying that profoundness of wisdom will help a man to a name or admiration, but that it is eloquence that prevaileth in an active life. And as to the labouring of it, the emulation of Aristotle with the rhetoricians of his time, and the experience of Cicero, hath made them in their works of rhetorics exceed themselves. Again, the excellency of examples of eloquence in the orations of Demosthenes and Cicero, added to the perfection of the precepts of eloqu ence, hath doubled the progression in this art; and therefore the deficiences which I shall note will rather be in some collections, which may as handmaids attend the art, than in the rules or use of the art itself. 2 Notwithstanding, to stir the earth a little about the roots of this science, as we have done of the rest; the duty and office of rhetoric is to apply reason to imagination for the better moving of the will. For we see reason is disturbed in the administration thereof by three means; by illaqueation2 or sophism, which pertains to logic; by imagination or impression, which pertains to rhetoric; and by passion or affection, which pertains to morality. And as in negotiation with others, men are wrought by cunning, by importunity, and by vehemency; so in this negotiation within ourselves, men are undermined by inconsequences, solicited and importuned by impressions or observations, and transported by passions. Neither is the nature of man so unfortunately built, as that those powers and arts should have force to disturb reason, and not to establish and advance it. For the end of logic is to teach a form of argument to secure reason, and not to entrap it. The end of morality is to procur e the affections to obey reason, and not to invade it. The end of rhetoric is to fill the imagination to second reason, and not to oppress it: for these abuses of arts come in but ex obliquo3, for caution. 3 And therefore it was great injustice in Plato, though springing out of a just hatred to the rhetoricians of his time, to esteem of rhetoric but as a voluptuary art, resembling it to cookery, that did mar wholesome meats, and help unwholesome by variety of sauces to the pleasure of the taste. For we see that speech is much more conversant in adorning that which is good, than in colouring that which is evil; for there is no man but speaketh more honestly than he can do or think: and it was excellently noted by Thucydides in Cleon, that because he used to hold on the bad side in causes of estate, therefore he was ever inveighing against eloquence and good speech; knowing that no man can speak fair of courses sordid and base. And therefore as Plato said elegantly, That virtue, if she could be seen, would move great love and affection; so seeing that she cannot be showed to the sense by corporal shape, the next degree is to show her to the imagination in lively representation: for to sh ow her to reason only in subtlety of argument was a thing ever derided in Chrysippus4 and many of the Stoics, who thought to thrust virtue upon men by sharp disputations and conclusions, which have no sympathy with the will of man. 4 Again, if the affections in themselves were pliant and obedient to reason, it were true there should be no great use of persuasions and insinuations to the will, more than of naked proposition and proofs; but in regard of the continual mutinies and seditions of the affections, Video meliora, proboque,Deteriora sequor, 5 reason would become captive and servile, if eloquence of persuasions did not practice and win the imagination from the affections part, and contract a confederacy between the reason and imagination against the affections; for the affections themselves carry ever an appetite to good, as reason doth. The difference is, that the affection beholdeth merely the present; reason beholdeth the future and sum of time. And therefore the present filling the imagination more, reason is commonly vanquished; but after that force of eloquence and persuasion hath made things future and remote appear as present, then upon the revolt of the imagination reason prevaileth. 1 The wise-hearted is called discerning, but one whose speech is sweet gains wisdom (Proverbs 16:21).2 The act of catching or entangling in a snare, thus entrapping in an argument.3 indirectly4 Stoic philosopher in Greece, third century BC5 I see and approve the better things but follow the worse (Ovid, Metamorphoses, VII, 20). Concluded on page 2*This text has been taken from the 1605 edition of  The Advancement of Learning, with spelling modernized by editor William Aldis Wright (Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1873). 5 We conclude therefore that rhetoric can be no more charged with the colouring of the worse part, than logic with sophistry, or morality with vice. For we know the doctrines of contraries are the same, though the use be opposite. It appeareth also that logic differeth from rhetoric, not only as the fist from the palm, the one close, the other at large; but much more in this, that logic handleth reason exact and in truth, and rhetoric handleth it as it is planted in popular opinions and manners. And therefore Aristotle doth wisely place rhetoric as between logic on the one side, and moral or civil knowledge on the other, as participating of both: for the proofs and demonstrations of logic are toward all men indifferent and the same; but the proofs and persuasions of rhetoric ought to differ according to the auditors: Orpheus in sylvis, inter delphinas Arion 1 Which application, in perfection of idea, ought to extend so far, that if a man should speak of the same thing to several persons, he should speak to them all respectively and several ways: though this politic part of eloquence in private speech it is easy for the greatest orators to want: whilst, by the observing their well-graced forms of speech, they leese2 the volubility of application: and therefore it shall not be amiss to recommend this to better inquiry, not being curious whether we place it here, or in that part which concerneth policy.   6 Now therefore will I descend to the deficiences, which (as I said) are but attendances: and first, I do not find the wisdom and diligence of Aristotle well pursued, who began to make a collection of the popular signs and colours of good and evil, both simple and comparative, which are as the sophisms of rhetoric (as I touched before). For example:   Sophisma.Quod laudatur, bonum: quod vituperatur, malum.Redargutio.Laudat venales qui vult extrudere merces. 3 Malum est, malum est (inquit emptor); sed cum recesserit, tum gloriabitur!4 The defects in the labour of Aristotle are three: one, that there be but a few of many; another, that their elenches5 are not annexed; and the third, that he conceived but a part of the use of them: for their use is not only in probation, but much more in impression. For many forms are equal in signification which are differing in impression; as the difference is great in the piercing of that which is sharp and that which is flat, though the strength of the percussion be the same. For there is no man but will be a little more raised by hearing it said, Your enemies will be glad of this, Hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae, 6 than by hearing it said only, This is evil for you.   7 Secondly, I do resume also that which I mentioned before, touching provision or preparatory store for the furniture of speech and readiness of invention, which appeareth to be of two sorts; the one in resemblance to a shop of pieces unmade up, the other to a shop of things ready made up; both to be applied to that which is frequent and most in request. The former of these I will call antitheta, and the latter formulae.   8 Antitheta are theses argued pro et contra7; wherein men may be more large and laborious: but (in such as are able to do it) to avoid prolixity of entry, I wish the seeds of the several arguments to be cast up into some brief and acute sentences, not to be cited, but to be as skeins or bottoms of thread, to be unwinded at large when they come to be used; supplying authorities and examples by reference. Pro verbis legis.Non est interpretatio sed divinatio, quae recedit a litera:Cum receditur a litera, judex transit in legislatorem.Pro sententia legis.Ex omnibus verbis est eliciendus sensus qui interpretatur singula. 8 9 Formulae are but decent and apt passages or conveyances of speech, which may serve indifferently for differing subjects; as of preface, conclusion, digression, transition, excusation, etc. For as in buildings there is great pleasure and use in the well casting of the staircases, entries, doors, windows, and the like; so in speech, the conveyances and passages are of special ornament and effect. 1 As Orpheus in the woods, as Arion with the dolphins (Virgil, Eclogues, VIII, 56)2 lose3 Sophism: What is praised is good; what is censured, evil.Refutation: He who praises his wares wishes to sell them.4 Its no good, its no good, says the buyer. But after he goes he exults in his bargain.5 refutations6 This the Ithacan desires, and for it the sons of Atreus would pay much (Aeneid, II, 104).7 for and against8 For the letter of the law: It is not interpretation but divination to depart from the letter of the law. If the letter of the law is left behind, the judge becomes the legislator.For the spirit of the law: The meaning of each word depends on the interpretation of the whole statement.

Encore International Case Study - 620 Words

MM 5009 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Encore International R46 B – Syndicate 3 Audi Hakim (29111303) Karina Soedjati (29111309) M. Rahadi Prasetya (29111325) Debby Sugithio (29111330) Gilang Surawijaya (29111350) Annisa Trinezia (29111372) MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG 2012 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Encore International, a causal-wear company, has spectacular growth after 10 year of business and plan to have long-term expansion into European and Latin American markets while maintain its growth in future dividends. I. Objective Encore International is a company that has spectacular growth. However the analysts speculated that Encore might encounter†¦show more content†¦Value per share of Encore stock assuming there is no growth in future dividends Po = D = $ 4 x 1 1 = because no growth in dividend K – g 16% - 0 = 4 = $ 25 16% e. (1) Value per share with 6% future dividends growth Po = D = $ 4 x 1.06 = $42.4 K – g 16% - 6% (2) Value per share with dividend growth 8% in next 2 years and 6% thereafter Po = $4 x (1.08) + $4 x (1.08) ² + $4 x (1.08) ² x (1 + 6%) (1.16) (1.16) ² 16% - 6% (1.16) ² = $3.72 + $3.47 + 4.67 x (1.06) 10% (1.16) ² = $7.19 + $ 49.5 (1.16) ² = $ 7.19 + $ 36.79 = $ 43.98 f. Valuation Method Value BV per share $24 Zero Growth $25 Constant growth $42.4 Variable Growth $43.98 Stock Price $40 These values are different because it has differences on dividend growth. Explanations: BV per share: can not be used as stock valuation, except comparing it with peers and using it as P/B multiples. Zero growth: the most conservative method, but lacks of reality sense therefore not a good method Constant amp; variable growth: both methods have similar stock price target, but variable growth is more realistic since it measures shift up or down due to the changing expectations. III. 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Language Analysis The Big Screens - 955 Words

The Big Screens Language is our ability to understand the systems of communication. Language helps shape how we perceive the world around us. Language can be used in various forms of text, speech and written communication to inform, engage and even persuade. The focus of this analysis however will be on the persuasive aspect of language. The use of language to persuade is interesting because it can unconsciously filters our view of reality. Terministic screen is a term attributed to Kenneth Burke which describes this concept of persuasive language. Terministic screens are also used to identify who we are and what we believe. Viola Davis’s Emmy Acceptance Speech uses elements of terministic screens to persuade her audience to create more opportunities on television for women of color. The use of terms impacts how we come to understand an act or person. As Burke sates terminology is a reflection of reality, by its very nature as terminology it must be a selection of reality; and to thi s extent it must function also as a deflection of reality.† (Terministic Screens, 45). A reflection of reality can be defined as our perception of reality what we believe is to be true. However, in the same sense we must also understand that our truth may not be what someone else believes. Nonetheless, the acts that we question are but a selection of reality. For example, in Viola Davis’s acceptance speech she starts off with a quote by Harriet Tubman. The quote reads In myShow MoreRelatedGendered Medi The Influence Of Media On Views Of Gender, By Julia T. Wood1405 Words   |  6 Pagespublished in Variety by Martha M. Lauzen and Jennifer S. Newsom (2014) they stated that â€Å"the lack of women on screen and behind the scenes is a big problem requiring big leadership and big solutions† (Lauzen, M., Newsom, J. 2014). They believe the industry is in need of â€Å"leaders† meaning â€Å"heroes† who are willing to take a step forward to increa se the percentage of women on and off screen. To put it another way, women are highly needed in television to represent an environment of equal opportunityRead MoreScene Analysis - The Big Lebowski1516 Words   |  7 Pages GE3401 – TB2 Exploring English Cinema Scene Analysis â€Å"Scattering Donny’s Ashes† Scene in The Big Lebowski (Joel and Ethan Coen, 1998) Student Name: Fan Ho Nga, Gloria Student ID: 52948216 â€Å"Scattering Donny’s Ashes† Scene in The Big Lebowski (Joel and Ethan Coen, 1998) The Big Lebowski (1998) by the Coen Brothers is no doubt a comedy film about friendships between three bowling buddies with differing personalities who met and stuck together as friends by choice in LosRead MoreChina Case Study881 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestment return. Hollywood model is a good example. 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As with other industries this treasure trove of ‘big data’ is of great interest to Hollywood (Hadida, 2009), it’s analysis promising to resolve problems that have long been lying at the heart of both. In order to to address this discussion, this essay explores the implications of big data for the US-American film industry. In so doing, it seeks to probe into two overarching research questions: First, how effective big data approaches are in forecasting the box office success of HollywoodRead MoreThe Effects Of Digital And Traditional On The Classroom1586 Words   |  7 Pagesalready spend so much time staring at smart phones and computer screens for entertainment. While many students possess the abilities to use a keyboard, create a word document, or use the internet for research; they may not be digitally literate. A person that possesses digital literacy skills can use technology to strategically research and evaluate information, produce and share original content, process information read from a digital screen, and use a variety of technological tools to meet academicRead MoreAddiction To Social Media Addiction1052 Words   |  5 Pagesmedia can see too. But sometim es teens get into social media so much, that they forget what is more important than looking at a phone. Teens’ relationship to social media addiction is a big issue because teens develop depression, which makes them forget who they are. Teenagers are among the biggest consumers of social media. Scientists are discovering an increasing number of troubling

Benefits of Reinforcing Concrete With Optical Fibre

Question: Discuss about the Benefits of Reinforcing Concrete With Optical Fibre. Answer: Introduction In the contemporary building and construction industry, there are two prevalent problems across the globe. One of the problems is the need to put the metropolitan land into maximum use due to land scarcity. This explains why in the current architectural developments, the traditional flat and small buildings are being replaced with the skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, particularly in the metropolitan regions of most countries globally. This move is propelled by the need for land economics owing to the rapidly growing urban population in most cities across the globe. The second problem is associated with erecting such tall buildings in clusters resulting in obstruction of the natural light from the sun. Essentially, the skyscrapers and high-rise buildings continue to face the challenge of illumination in their interior due to shielding of the suns light by the similar adjacent buildings. This challenge leads to high expenditure on the artificial sources of light such as fossil fuel s and electricity in a bid to keep the rooms illuminated all the time. In order to overcome this challenge, the paper proposes the need to reinforce the ordinary building concrete with light-transmitting optical fibre to make the walls transparent or translucent thereby, allowing for the illumination of the interior regions of the buildings. Research Question and Problem Statement The research question for the study is does the ordinary mortar-based concrete reinforced with light-transmitting optical fibre have more superior structural qualities for use in the building and construction industry? Building and construction industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world today due to the rising demographics, especially in the urban dwellings and the growing demand for commercial buildings. However, due to the overcrowding of skyscrapers and storey buildings in the urban settings, direct sunlight does not make a way into into the interior of the buildings, leading to the need for artificial sources of light. It is therefore, important that the structural engineers take into account the need to illuminate the interior of the buildings sufficiently. This research undertakes to show that the problem of illumination of the commercial buildings can be eliminated by reinforcing the ordinary mortar-based concrete with light-transmitting optical fibres that al low for the penetration of light through the walls of the building. Objective/Aim The aim of the research is to find out the benefits of reinforcing ordinary mortar-based concrete with light-transmitting optical fibre Study Hypothesis The research hypothesis is ordinary mortar-based concrete reinforced with light-transmitting optical fibre allows for the penetration of light through the walls Literature Review The need to erect tall buildings within the central business districts of different urban settings continues to elicit mixed reaction within the building and construction sector. On one hand, architectural designers argue that high-rise buildings solve the problem of limited land available for expansion in the cosmopolitan settings. On the other hand, city building and construction engineers have to battle with the challenge of room illumination arising from the obstruction of natural light from the sun by the similar adjacent premises. Owing to this, there is a need for coming up with transparent or translucent walls to help in the sufficient illumination of the interior regions of the crowded tall buildings. Losonczi Aron, a Hungarian was the first architecture to develop the concept of light transmission through a concrete wall by reinforcing it with optical fibre (Sawant, Jugdar, Sawant, 2014). His successful discovery led to the production of Litracon as a translucent wall two years later. Patil and Swapnal (2015) mention that the use of light-transmitting optical fibres in reinforcing the traditional concrete is reckoned as a great achievement in the building and construction since it is one of the highly valued sensor materials owing to its availability and extensive utilisation during the 1990s. On the contrary, Pathade, Nair, Tharwal, and Tiwarekar, (2016) cite that ordinary concrete can withstand strong compression forces compared to the reinforced. The authors, however, acknowledge that regular concrete reinforced with light-transmitting fibre has superior flexure and tension properties. One of the major drawbacks during the development of the idea was that the concrete did not display appreciable light sensing properties. However, with the evolution of building and construction technology, an up to date translucent construction material has been developed by introducing proportionate quantities of optical fibre material. It involves the drilling of mortar and cement to utilise the property of optical fibre as a light guiding material. Below is a picture of the reinforced concrete with optical fibre. Kashiyani, Raina, Pitroda, and Shah (2013) cite that translucent concrete possesses high light-transmissive properties owing to its reinforcement with high-quality materials such as optical fibres as a building material. The authors argue that the stone within the concrete permits light to pass through it from one end to another, and this means that the fibres have to be integrated into the entire concrete structure. Many times the translucent concrete is called light-transmitting concrete owing to its optical capabilities. The translucent characteristic of the concrete composite can be realised in different ways; one is the use of a suitable bonding material. In such a case, the structural concrete is made by mixing it with clear resin to make it translucent. A ratio of about 4 to 5% by volume of the optical fibre materials is mixed with the mortar-based concrete. The secondary concrete developed has a comparably low weight as an advantage. The illustration is a composite of concret e made from optical fibre materials. Li et al. (2012) and to Li et al. (2011) mention in their research that Light Transmitting Cement-Based Material (LTCM) as a building and construction material is modern concept that allows for light propagation through its structure. In both the studies, the researchers incorporated a great amount of optical fibre material within the composite material block to allow for the passage of light from the illuminated region to the non-illuminated area. The authors report that LTCM depicted a high ratio of light diffusion along the direction of propagation of the light with appropriate optical fibre strands through a parallel arrangement. A concrete material capable of transmitting light through it is a composite made of optical fibre strands and fine concrete. According to Klassen (2006), the composite can be prepared as prefabricated building blocks or panels. Since the fibres are infinitesimal in size, they possess a unique ability of easily mixing with the fine concrete material to create an improved composite of material. The introduction of materials with a high numerical apertures like glass optical fibre with large diameters and Plastic Optical Fibres improves the quality of the material to transmit light efficaciously. As Zhang and Liu (2008) observed, there is no sensible loss of light during transmission across the optical fibre material. This is because glass fibre materials possess the quality of guiding the light emitted by the points situated between the opposite ends of the panels. The data channelled by the light on the illuminated end of the building wall remains untampered with on the non-illuminate d end because to their parallel position. Light transmitting concrete materials come in various forms such as the preassembled blocks or panels. According to Shanmugavadivu, Scinduja, Sarathivelan, and Shudesamithronn, 2014), one of the perfect examples is the Litracon room in which the objects found within the proximity of the light source appear as silhouettes upon illumination. Despite comprising only 4% of concrete, much of the light propagation through the optical fibre material is due to the parallel arrangement of the panels in a matrix form. Such panels or blocks also make it possible to develop load-bearing structures because the optical fibre materials do not affect the strength of the resultant concrete negatively. One of the commonest types of panels and blocks is the heat-isolation kind. This variety is designed for people who do not prefer exposed concrete appearance. Sathish and Suresh (2015) argue that it is imperative to substitute the ordinary mortar-based concrete with one that is reinforced with the optical fibre to improve its structural qualities. Such a technological necessity is informed by the fact that ordinary concrete is not strong under tension or flexure even though it is strong under compression. The resultant composite material can be generated by replacing the traditional aggregates of the mortar-based concrete with the translucent components. The translucent concrete material utilises the principle of nano-optics. In this principle, the optical fibre material allows much light to pass through by placing tiny slits on top of one another. This is because the optical fibre component of the resultant concrete composite acts as the infinitesimal slits through which light is propagated across the cross-sectional area of the composite. A number of layers of the glass optical fibres are stuck up together into a matrix profile, running run parallel to each other. The fibre strands are situated between the two major layers of each panel of the composite. The fibre strands integrate perfectly into the concrete structural component due to their infinitesimal sizes. Analysis and Discussion From the reviewed literature, the composite developed by reinforcing the ordinary cement-based concrete has unique properties that help in its utilization in the modern era of high-rise buildings in the urban settings of most of the countries across the world. The analysis is divided into structural, material components, and the strength of the resultant composite material. Structural Analysis of the Composite The composite of the reinforced concrete is developed by mixing a specified proportion of fine concrete with 4 to 5% of the optical fibre materials of ideal sizes (Lee, Jeong and Park, 2009). In the structural design and development, the most important quality of the optical fibre material made use of is its ability to propagate light from both the natural like the sun and the common types of artificial light sources such electricity. This is enabled by the spaces found between the transparent concrete panels. The rationale for adopting optical fibre as a suitable component for reinforcing the ordinary concrete is its ability to propagate light at an incident angle greater than 60 degrees (Han et al., 2015). The fibre materials utilised in developing the composite are put in parallel. This allows them to propagate light between the two composite layers where they are put. In many scenarios, the width of the optical fibre material can undergo a certain degree of alteration of between 2 m and 2 mm as the ideal range for the transmission of light. The optical fibre material possesses the quality of propagating light so competently that there is no sensible loss of the light due to absorption by the walls, and this explains its wide application in the production of the composite material. Besides, the optical fibre material ensures that there is the unaltered transmission of the various shades of colours through the composite wall. It is important to comprehend the structure of the optical fib re material used chosen as an ideal reinforcement material. Strength Analysis of the Composite The compressive strength of the resultant composite material made by reinforcing the ordinary mortar-based concrete with optical fibre material oscillated between 20 and 23 N/mm2 (Momin, Kadiranaikar, Jagirdar, and Ahemed, 2014). This value indicates that the resultant concrete reinforced with optical fibre materials meet the specifications of the desired compressive strength for most of the structural construction, specifically the M20 grade (Drdlov et al., 2015). Momin, Kadiranaikar, Jagirdar, and Ahemed further argue that the light propagation of the resultant concrete reinforced with 7 to 10% the optical fibre strands exude elevated transparency properties as opposed to the other alternative reinforcement materials like glass aggregates. As a result, this absolves the fact that light propagation does not have any impact on the compressive strength of the resultant composite material. In other essence, reinforcing the ordinary cement-based concrete with optical fibre material impr oves the strength of the resultant material. In addition, it significantly improves the aesthetical value or appearance of the material. Analysis of the Components The optical fibre material has a unique structure that makes it ideal for reinforcement of the ordinary concrete. It is essentially made up of three distinct layers as shown below. The ideal dimensions are as indicated in the diagram. These layers are the core, the cladding, and the buffer coating, commonly referred as buffer jacket. When light is propagated from the source, is passes through the core layer of the optical fibre to the other parts by taking advantage of the optical properties of the material (Triantafillou Matthys, 2013). In the modern structural engineering world, reinforced concrete continues to gain a wide application in fine architecture. In most of the cases where it is employed, is has been greatly employed as a suitable material for front elevation and cladding of the inner parts of the room. In addition, most structural engineers use the natural light from the sun for the illumination of the rooms, and this helps in economising the artificial sources of light such as electricity and fossil fuels. Further, the building and construction engineers employ optical fibre as an aggregate for the development of the composite material in the detection of any prevalent or potential structural stress that may be experienced within the columns of the buildings. Other than stress detection, the engineers use the material to improve the aesthetic appearance of the erected columns. Conclusion In conclusion, the proposed structural reinforcement of the ordinary building concrete using light-transmitting optical fibre will solve the problem of poor illumination of the interior surfaces of the skyscrapers and commercial high-rise buildings erected within the metropolitan regions of most countries the world that occurs due to the obstruction of the natural light from the sun. One of the challenges of poor illumination of the tall buildings is the need for alternative costly sources of light such as electricity and fossil fuels. The problem of illumination of the rooms is eliminated by the fact that the light-transmitting optical fibres help in making the walls transparent or translucent. In addition, the proposed technology will greatly encourage the erection of tall structures in the metropolitan areas by eliminating the challenge of illumination of the rooms. This in turn will lead to the maximization of the scarce land available for the construction of structures for comme rcial use within the cities and towns. Reference List Drdlov, M., Buchar, J., Krtk, J. and RÃÅ'† dk, R., 2015. Blast resistance characteristics of concrete with different types of fibre reinforcement.Structural Concrete, 16(4), pp. 508-517. Han, J., Lee, S., Kim, K. and Park, C., 2015. Tensile properties of glass/natural jute fibre-reinforced polymer bars for concrete reinforcement.IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 103, Kashiyani, B.K., Raina, V., Pitroda, J. and Shah, B., 2013. A study on transparent concrete: a novel architectural material to explore construction sector.International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology,2(8), pp. 83-87. Klassen, F., 2006. Material Innovations: Transparent, Lightweight, and Malleable.Transportable Environments 3, p. 122. Lee, C., Jeong, S. and Park, J., 2009. Use of fibre sheet strip stirrups for internal shear reinforcement of concrete beams.Magazine of Concrete Research, 61(9), pp. 731-743. Li, Y., Xu, Z., Gu, Z. and Bao, Z., 2011. Preparation of Light Transmitting Cement-Based Material with Optical Fiber Embedded by the Means of Parallel Arrange.AMR, 391-392, pp. 677-682. Li, Y., Xu, Z., Gu, Z. and Bao, Z., 2012. Research on the Light Transmitting Cement Mortar.AMR, 450-451, pp. 397-401. Momin, A., Kadiranaikar, R., Jagirdar, V. and Ahemed, A., 2014. Study on Light Transmittance of Concrete Using Optical Fibers and Glass Rods''. InInternational Conference on Advances in Engineering Technology(pp. 67-72). Pathade, A., Nair, K., Tharwal, N. and Tiwarekar, R., 2016. Light Transmitting Concrete. Patil Gaurao, S. and Patil Swapnal, V., 2015. Light Transmitting Concrete-A New Innovation. Sathish, K.V. and Suresh, T., 2015. Study of Behaviour of Light Transmitting Concrete Using Optical Fibre.micron,35(59), pp. 35-74. Sawant, A.B., Jugdar, R.V. and Sawant, S.G., 2014. Light Transmitting Concrete by using Optical Fiber.Int. J. Invent. Eng. Sci,3(1). Shanmugavadivu, P.M., Scinduja, V., Sarathivelan, T. and Shudesamithronn, C.V., 2014. An Experimental study on light transmitting concrete.Intl. J of Research in Engg. and Technology. Triantafillou, T. and Matthys, S., 2013. Fibre-reinforced polymer reinforcement enters fib Model Code 2010.Structural Concrete, 14(4), pp. 335-341. Zhang, N. and Liu, R., 2008. A Reservation Protocols Based on Slotted ALOHA for Plastic Optical Fiber Network. InAdvanced Computer Theory and Engineering, 2008. ICACTE'08. International Conference on(pp. 1040-1044). IEEE.

Marketing Management Sony Corporation

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management for Sony Corporation. Answer: Introduction: The digital camera from Sony Corporation is popular only because of its quality and high-resolution features, which has made a revolution in the photography industry. The research and development team of Sony Corporation has decided to launch a new range of digital camera, which is effective enough to provide perfect exposure compensation, picture effects, manual focus and aperture control than the other competitor companies fail to manufacture. The team has decided to launch these new ranges of digital camera will be launched in famous location of Australia such as, Brisbane, South Wales, Melbourne and Canberra. The young adult, who has passion in the new trend of photography are the targeted customers of Sony Corporation (Benner and Tripsas 2012). As these digital cameras possess with innovative and creative features such as shutter priority and shutter speed control, therefore it is more attracted than the other available digital cameras in the market of Australia. However, the Se nior Management Team of Sony Corporation is not so much overwhelmed with the launching of the new camera range in Australia and they have provided the responsibility of investigating about the adequate steps and actions before launching the new product in market. I have gone through the market strategies and the offered products from the competitor companies of Sony Corporation in Australia such as Canon and Nikon (Bogue 2013). These competitor companies fail to offer the customers extra high speed shooting capability, which is the innovative and unique feature of the digital camera of Sony. Although the Senior Management Team is very much sure about the success of the newly launched product in the market, still I have provided some effective options of promoting and advertising the product. El Kaoutit et al. (2013) have mentioned that the Senior Management Team of an organisation generally decides the international strategies in order to develop the brand value. I suggested them as every individual has account on social media, therefore, it will be best for our company to promote the digital cameras on various social media platform such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and official website of the company in order to attract the new-edge clients of Australia. Our new product is capable enough to reflect that nothing is impossible in this highly technologically advanced world and nothing is beyond reach. Figure 1: Market share of Sony with other competitor companies in Australia (Source: Hutchinson and Williams 2014) The image sensor of new digital cameras of Sony Corporation is incredibly convenient as it helps to capture captivating movies and still photographs from every perspective. The CMOS sensor is capable to make the subjects to be stand out in beautiful manner in those situations when the taken shot is in extreme close up. The new range of digital camera from Sony Corporation features blazing speed and extended zoom capacity, which will give the photographers a completely new experience (Lee and Lee 2013). The new range of digital cameras consists of RX10 III, Cyber-shot DSC-WX500B and Dsc-HX90V. I have suggested the Senior Management Team of my company to provide promotional sales and discounts to the first 100 customers and a headphone, which is featured with noise-cancellation. Even if the customer order this new digital camera through online and using net banking process, then they will be rewarded with payback points and online redemption for next shopping of electronic products fro m Sony Corporation. The digital cameras of Sony Corporation are tangible, perishable and variable. The managers of this company focus on the perception and behaviour of the consumers. Every digital camera is manufactured only after analysing the basic marketing strategies, which includes high volume, brand differentiation and brand identity. As there are a large number of competitor companies available in the Australian market, therefore, the research and development team has made less expensive digital camera with modern technology. Before launching the new digital cameras in the market, the research team forecast the business success of the new products with the process of repositioning, line extension, and bass and pre-test market models. I have thoroughly analysed the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the new digital cameras of Sony Corporation with appropriate comparison with Nikon and Canon. Porters Five Forces help me to understand the necessity of the bargaining power of the customers and suppliers for launching a new product in the market. According to Bister et al. (2014), SWOT analysis and Porters Give Forces Analysis is suitable to understand the external and internal environment of an organisation. Both the theoretical analysis of market positioning, targeting and segmentation pay an important role during my thorough and detailed investigation of the market. All the challenges and benefits of the newly launched digital cameras are evaluated and assessed in order to understand in critical manner the actual demand of the clients from Sony Corporation. The framework of the organisation of Sony Corporation allows the employees to share own suggestion to the management regarding the new product. T he innovation of this camera involves the compatibility and observability, which its competitor companies fail to offer. Product Life Cycle (PLC) involves the market introduction, market growth, market maturity and sales decline after analysing the total industry sales and profit. However, the research and development team of this particular organisation is always busy to leverage on the modern technologies for creating innovative, unique, high quality and interesting products in order to increase the level of sales revenue (Hutchinson and Williams 2014). The holistic approach of Sony Corporation is appropriate to mitigate the risk factors in effective manner. References Benner, M.J. and Tripsas, M., 2012. The influence of prior industry affiliation on framing in nascent industries: the evolution of digital cameras.Strategic Management Journal,33(3), pp.277-302. Bister, D., Mordarai, F. and Aveling, R.M., 2014. Comparison of 10 digital SLR cameras for orthodontic photography.Journal of orthodontics. Bogue, R., 2013. Recent developments in MEMS sensors: A review of applications, markets and technologies.Sensor Review,33(4), pp.300-304. El Kaoutit, H., Estvez, P., Garca, F.C., Serna, F. and Garca, J.M., 2013. Sub-ppm quantification of Hg (II) in aqueous media using both the naked eye and digital information from pictures of a colorimetric sensory polymer membrane taken with the digital camera of a conventional mobile phone.Analytical Methods,5(1), pp.54-58. Hutchinson, I. and Williams, P., 2014. Digital cameras.British journal of orthodontics. Lee, K.J. and Lee, B.W., 2013. Estimation of rice growth and nitrogen nutrition status using color digital camera image analysis.European Journal of Agronomy,48, pp.57-65.